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在互聯網文化中，1%規則是互聯網社區參與中首屈一指的規則，陳述的是只有1%的用戶對網站積極地創造了新內容，而其他99%都是潛伏者。

它的一個變種是“90–9–1規則”（有時也表現為89:10:1），這描述了在一個像維基一樣的合作網站中，90%的社區參與者只是瀏覽內容，9%的參與者編輯內容，1%的參與者積極地創造新內容。

這兩個規則可以與已知信息科學中的類似規則相對比，如被稱為帕累托理論的80/20規則，即組織中的20%將產生80%活躍度，但活躍度是可以被定義的。

定義

1%規則表明在互聯網上創造內容的人數可以用實際瀏覽該內容的人數的1%（或者更少）來近似表示。例如，對于在論壇上發布信息的每個人，一般有大約99個其他人只是瀏覽該論壇而不發布信息。這個術語是由作者和博主Ben McConnell和Jackie Huba創作，盡管早前相同內容的參考信息并不使用這個名字。

關于在線活動的術語隱身和隱身不語（lurk和lurking)，用來表示那些在線的觀察者，而不參與社區中其他的活動，該術語首次被經驗豐富的報刊記者，P Tomi Austin， 大約于1990年首次提出，當她在聊天室出現，被他人注意到，而問起不參與聊天的原因。不斷有人詢問她的身份和她不參與聊天的原因。顯然，禮節是在進入聊天室/站點時問候其他人。在那時，（在她30歲左右，和平均年齡在十幾歲和二十幾歲之間的用戶網上沖浪時），她僅僅用“Bilbo”表示自己，她解釋說她是一個成熟的、但會使用計算機的用戶、對于聊天是新手，習慣用lurk，或者lurking來使自己熟悉聊天文化、禮節和她登錄的那些站點。在某些情況下，她需要解釋她所創造的詞語“lurking”，因為這個詞對于在線社區是新的，但其他人很快就明白了她的意思。據她所知，這些詞在那之前還沒被用過，顯然沒有關于這個詞更早的參考信息。看起來在20世紀早期之前，這個詞并沒有歸屬。

例如，在2005年由Akil N Awan主持的關于激進宗教主義者論壇的調查表明，87%的論壇用戶從來不在論壇上發帖，13%的人發了至少1帖，5%的人發了50帖以上，只有1%的人發了500條以上的帖子。

這條規則的變種“90-9-1”規則表明在那些用戶既可以創建又能編輯內容的網站上，1%的用戶創建條目，9%的用戶修改編輯條目，而90%的人只是看看而已。

具體的比例與具體的案例相關。比如，如果一個論壇將發帖作為準入條件，那么積極參與的人就會大于1%，但是發帖的人依然只是用戶中的少數。這在Michael Wu的研究中得到了證實，他用經濟學的手段分析了參與度的差異，研究中涉及了上百個不同行業、不同參與者類型和不同社區主題的論壇。

1%規則經常在互聯網應用中被誤解，但其對于任何單一而不是全部的網絡社區都有效。這就是為什么有些時候1%規則看上去對許多論壇都很適用，但是將他們都擺在一起，就會看到另一番景象。后一種情況中的參與比例還不明確而且很容易變化，但是許多研究者和專家都對參與者總數做出了預測。Holly Goodier與BBC在2012年末合作進行的研究中指出只有23%（而不是90%）的人是純粹的潛水者，而17%的人是積極參與者。而幾年以前，社會學家Eszter Hargittai和Gina Walejko在芝加哥學生中進行抽樣調查，發現60%的人進行著各種形式的內容創建。

參與不等

相似的概念曾經被AT&T實驗室的Will Hill提出過，并被Jakob Nielsen所引用。這是最早的有關網絡中“參與不等”的研究。這個術語在2006年重新被公眾所注意到，它在一篇有關市場的博文中被嚴格量化的提出。

英語原文：

In Internet culture, the 1% rule is a rule of thumb pertaining to participation in an internet community, stating that only 1% of the users of a website actively create new content, while the other 99% of the participants only lurk.

A variant is the “90–9–1 principle” (sometimes also presented as the 89:10:1 ratio), which states that in a collaborative website such as a wiki, 90% of the participants of a community only view content, 9% of the participants edit content, and 1% of the participants actively create new content.

Both can be compared with the similar rules known to information science, such as the 80/20 rule known as the Pareto principle, that 20 percent of a group will produce 80 percent of the activity, however the activity may be defined.

Definition

The 1% rule states that the number of people who create content on the Internet represents approximately 1% (or less) of the people actually viewing that content. For example, for every person who posts on a forum, generally about 99 other people are viewing that forum but not posting. The term was coined by authors and bloggers Ben McConnell and Jackie Huba, although earlier references to the same concept did not use this name.

The terms lurk and lurking, in reference to online activity, are used to refer to online observation without engaging others in the community, and were first used by veteran print journalist, P Tomi Austin, circa 1990, when her presence was noticed by other users in chat rooms, who queried her reasons for not engaging in chat. There were repeated inquiries about her identity and her refusal to engage in chat. The etiquette was, apparently, to greet other users upon entry into the chat rooms/sites. At the time, (then in her 30s, surfing among users averaging in their teens and 20s) she was only identified as “Bilbo”, she explained that she was a mature, but computer-literate, user and novice to chat, and preferred to lurk, or was lurking to familiarize herself with the chat culture, etiquette, and the sites to which she had logged on. In some instances, she needed to explain her coinage of the term “lurking”, as the term was new to the online community, but others quickly understood her meaning. To her knowledge, the terms had not been used prior to that period, and there appears to be no earlier dated reference to the coinage. There appears to be no attribution to the coinage that pre-dates the early 1990s.

For example, a large 2005 study of radical Jihadist forums by Akil N Awan found 87% of users had never posted on the forums, 13% had posted at least once, 5% had posted 50 or more times, and only 1% had posted 500 or more times.

The “90–9–1″ version of this rule states that for websites where users can both create and edit content, 1% of people create content, 9% edit or modify that content, and 90% view the content without contributing.

The actual percentage is likely to vary depending upon the subject matter. For example, if a forum requires content submissions as a condition of entry, the percentage of people who participate will probably be significantly higher than one percent, but the content producers will still be a minority of users. This is validated in a study conducted by Michael Wu, who uses economics techniques to analyze the participation inequality across hundreds of communities segmented by industry, audience type, and community focus.

The 1% rule is often misunderstood to apply to the Internet in general, but it applies more specifically to any given Internet community. It is for this reason that one can see evidence for the 1% principle on many websites, but aggregated together one can see a different distribution. This latter distribution is still unknown and likely to shift, but various researchers and pundits have speculated on how to characterize the sum total of participation. Holly Goodier, in conjunction with the BBC presented research in late 2012 suggesting that only 23 percent of the population (rather than 90 percent) could properly be classified as lurkers, while 17% of the population could be classified as intense contributors of content. Several years prior, communication scholars Eszter Hargittai and Gina Walejko reported on a sample of students from Chicago where 60 percent of the sample created content in some form.

Participation inequality

A similar concept was introduced by Will Hill of AT&T Laboratories and later cited by Jakob Nielsen; this was the earliest known reference to the term “participation inequality” in an online context.[9] The term regained public attention in 2006 when it was used in a strictly quantitative context within a blog entry on the topic of marketing.

譯者：DrZ, Garfielt, Ley，原文標題：1% rule (Internet culture)